Principle of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Principle of Management - Essay Example At the same time, international consolidation and aggressive pricing approaches have concerted the market dominance within certain major players and reinforced their control on the suppliers. The international sourcing of raw materials has created new business prospects for supermarkets such as Tesco to carry out import activities from locations with cheap labour and cheap resources. In fact, Tesco presently captures a major share of supermarket in the UK. In last decade, the opportunity for supermarkets to purchase from manufacturers had increased intensely (Brown & Sander, 2007). Tariff declines, trade liberalisations, modernisations in communication technology, enhanced transport system and better capital flexibility have transformed the supply chain system for supermarkets. The international sourcing has generated new prospects for Tesco in the developing nations to sell the products. However, the global sourcing has also created numerous manufacturers, which in turn has intensif ied competition among organisations. The challenges faced by supermarkets nowadays include the aspects of increasing the return of the shareholders, maintaining low cost for product offerings, increasing flexibility by ‘just-in-time’ delivery and strengthening control related to product quality and providing utmost customer service standards (Brown & Sander, 2007). Supermarkets are the first and the foremost commercial organisations that perform in highly competitive environment with high concern on end result. The increased globalisation, changing life patterns and demographics have opened opportunities for supermarkets in developing nations. However, in order to stay competitive in the market, supermarkets require significant information on... This paper describes the four functions of the management are considered to be substantial for Tesco to overcome many challenges and to take the advantages of the opportunities. In order to be successful in the future endeavours of the business, Tesco can use the managerial functions to a great extent and can turn the business to be effective and efficient. Better management is helpful for Tesco to develop an environment which can provide enhanced flexibility in business. In order to stay competitive, systematising the business plays a vital part for organisations which can only be accomplished though effective managerial functions as observed in the discussion provided. This essay tells that the four managerial functions can be adopted by Tesco in several aspects of business which would provide great effectiveness in the international market. The managerial functions are beneficial for Tesco to gain competitive advantages and to exploit the business opportunities. Better management will definitely lead to gain cost efficiency and make the company feasible to compete with upcoming difficulties in the global as well as the local markets. It concluded that Tesco has also adopted enhanced planning procedures in the business for increasing the customer service. It is one of the significant challenges for Tesco to provide personalised services to the customers. Through collaborative planning, Tesco has enhanced its supply chain capabilities for making better anticipation of the demands of the customers and providing customised services to them accordingly. Therefore, it can genuinely lead to better customer satisfaction

Globalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization - Research Paper Example Therefore, the paper will focus on developing an argument, which is supporting globalization and against it, through identifying both advantages and disadvantages. Arguments Supporting Globalization One of the benefits related to globalization is the reduction of the cultural barriers in order to increase the effects of the global village, hence enhancing the development and different nations across the world (Held & McGrew, 2000; Crafts, 2004). Therefore, through breaking the cultural barriers, numerous nations are able to adapt to the global market and behave in a similar way with the rest of the world (Gilpin, 2000). In this case, globalization facilitates enlargement of the global market, since many nations are able to join the market at their ease. Moreover, it also creates consistency in brand image, via a process of choosing to market products or commercial operations in the global market (Germaine, 2000). The other merit of globalization relates to the new means of transport and techniques of communication that facilitates participation of customers in immediate information level of globalization (Held, McGrew, Goldblatt & Perraton, 1999). In fact, this stage of globalization is also contributing to people’s participation in international trade form anywhere in the world, hence leading to a direct influence on the world economy, which is higher than the beginning of the century (Perraton, 2001; Mussa, 2000). Moreover, the level of political and economic globalization is associated with the process of denationalization of the market, politics and legal system, thus allowing the understanding of core sense of globalization, which relates to economics (Woods, 2000; Baylis & Steve, 1997). The other advantage of globalization relates to improvement in the political status of various countries, due to the creation of opportunities for governments to compare the leadership skills with those of the other nations, or imitate the unique skills (Went, 2000) . It also facilitates delocalization of businesses and activities, thus enabling the improvement of the performance. On the other hand, globalization contributes to spread of technology form one nation to the other leading to enhancement in activities of the less developed countries (Hirst & Thompson, 1999). Therefore, globalization enables nations to compare the activities and positive moves in their competitors, in areas related to adverse technological skills with an aim of improving their performance (Lechner & Boli, 2000). Arguments against Globalization Globalization has been associated with negative effects in the development of nations across the world, whereby the economic crisis affecting a country like America affects other countries (Mohammadi, 2000; Clark, 1997; Scott, 1997). This is due to changes in the process in the world since it becomes a large market; hence, a disruption on the economic status of one country, especially the most influential ones as America affect s the other countries that have connections in their economic activities (Rupert, 2000; Jones, 1995). On the other hand, globalization has also contributed to an increased flow of skilled and non-skilled labor for the developed nations such as America, since the corporate in these nations seek out for cheap labor, thus causing a rise in the level of unemployment (Scheve & Slaughter, 2001). Globalization also

Building Information Modelling Analysis Construction Essay

Building Information Modelling Analysis Construction Essay Building Information Modelling (BIM) allows constructing a building virtually in a detailed form. During the design phase, the materials that will make up the finished structure including concrete slabs, rebar, steel structure, wall and ceiling components, HVAC, plumbing and electrical can be selected and placed. But tests can be carried out to ensure everything will come together without a glitch. The 3-D building model can be used to analyze the designed buildings energy efficiency by running scenarios to determine the best of possible solutions. In addition, depending on the detail of the model, you can automatically take off all items contained in the model and that way produce an impressively precise estimate. The software and database management technology exists today to accomplish exactly this. The degree of collaboration and coordination between the various construction disciplines that BIM calls for has to be bought into notice. Not only the owners and architects, but engin eers, contractors and, ideally, subcontractors as well, need to be involved in the project from the outset; in other words, during the design of the building. This, of course, invariably means some form of design-build rather than the currently prevailing design-bid-build process. BIM is an entirely new way of looking at the design and construction of a building. Many quarters are hailing BIM as the solution to most, if not all, construction industry ills, solving both design and construction problems while also providing a complete 3-D building model as a property management facility upon completion of the project. AN OVERVIEW The concepts and methodologies of BIM date back as far as 30 years-and then primarily within the manufacturing and aerospace industries. BIM as design and construction term was introduced about 15 years ago to set the then-emerging, information-rich, architectural computer-3-D modelling apart from traditional, and mainly paper-based, 2-D design and drawing. BIM intended to assign both software approach and method of designing and constructing a building by the use of highly coordinated and internally consistent computable information about the building; all the way from conceptual design, through construction, to post construction and asset management. A correctly assembled BIM is a reliable, digital, three dimensional, virtual representation of the project to be built, for use in design and in construction document production, scheduling, planning, performance predictions and in cost estimates. Three-dimensional demonstration of a centralized database containing all items that will consist of the actual building including their location, dimension, relation to other items, composition and cost in a digitally interpreted environment for engineers and architects. Assumption is done in such a way that all the input is accurate and resolves the builder in an easy assimilated view of the intact representation, its interrelations, and of any positional issues. And most importantly, it will also provide the information and the understanding necessary to resolve positional conflicts and other issues during the design phase, rather than later, on the building site. COMPONENTS OF BIM BIM is composed of several data involving legal, geospatial, financial, designer, owner/occupier, sustainers, Specifier and environmentalist data. Fig 1 Components of BIM Key features of BIM includes Ability to hasten design-to-build including starting projects from pre-approved project templates, supplier management and virtual commissioning designed to accelerate project execution. 3D visualization of the logical definition and the complete 3D physical definition, together in an environment to simulate and analyze equipment positioning and clash detection. Information management of all types of enterprise data including contracts, compliance documents, requirements, manufacturing processes, costing and procurement information. A global collaboration environment that enables full traceability, knowledge reuses and process automation for design, engineering and construction planning. Prepare the models for fabrication and construction with tools that support project work breakdown structure management including project status reports, task lists, approved vendor lists, workforce resources, etc. THE PLAYERS The field of BIM players breaks down into makers of three distinctly different sets of tools: 3-D modellers. Viewers/Surface modellers. Analyzers. The 3-D modeller is the true BIM tool, working with solid, parametric objects in sufficient detail to virtually construct the building. Not all views of the project have to be in that detail, however. The financing entity may want to see what the building will look like-as may the owner- and for that all you need is a surface modeller-or a viewer-to which all shapes are hollow. All it knows about is surfaces, which is all it needs to recognize in order to show concepts, and detect clashes for instance, and as such is of tremendous value. Analyzers are normally third-party software that speaks to the main BIM tool, meaning it can import and then analyze data from the 3-D modeller to determine the models energy efficiency or day lighting, among other things. BIM is an approach which essentially requires a technology to be implemented effectively. The combination of CAD, Object CAD and Parametric building modelling with respect to the effect and effort makes the building information modelling possible. Fig 2 shows the graphical representation of all these technologies which leads to BIM. Fig 2 Graph showing the technology The figure preceding shows the entire effect of each of these technologies shown in vertical axis measured against the effort required for those results in the horizontal axis. BIM has been consistent in the industry with its competitive advantages Increased speed of delivery Minimizes the errors Saves money Greater output High workability New revenue and business opportunity Design visualization Collision detection Quantity take-off 4D constructability 5D cost estimation Facility operations Fig 3 Hierarchy of BIM phases Building information modelling supports the continuous and immediate availability of project design scope, schedule, and cost information that is high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully coordinated. But it is not itself a technology, it is supported to varying degrees by different technologies. Building information modelling is based on intersection of 2 critical ideas: 1) Keeping critical design information in a digital form makes it very simple for updating and sharing .It is more valuable to the firms creating and using it. 2) Creating real-time, consistent relationships between digital design data using innovative parametric building modelling technology can save significant amounts of time and cost and increases the project productivity and quality. Below given is a detailed look at how Building Information modelling works and how the different phases such as design, construction and management of building lifecycle are benefitted. BENEFITS IN THE DESIGN PHASE During the course of a building project, an architect must handle the project scope, schedule, and cost evenly. Changes to any of these variables can have a negative effect on cost, time and money. Using the traditional methods, access to design and geometry related information is usually fairly steady. But cost and scheduling information is only occasionally available because of the period and attempt necessary to create it. By means of building information modelling, all of this significant information is immediately accessible, so that project-related decisions can be made more rapidly and effectively. Building information modelling allows changes to the project at anytime during the designing or documentation process without difficulty, thus the team gets more time to work on other high-value architectural problems. This leads the documentation and designing work of the building to be carried out simultaneously, instead of doing successively, this is due to the design plan is captured at the point of conception and embedded in the documentation as the work proceeds. Whenever a change is made to a project, all the consequences of that alteration are automatically coordinated throughout the project and is documented. This allows the design team to function faster, because this consumes the time and effort spent on delivering the visualisations and regulatory approval documents. The automatic coordination of changes offered by this building information modelling eradicates the coordination mistakes thus it improves the overall quality of the project and helps companies with more repe at business. BENEFITS IN THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE In the construction phase of the project lifecycle, building information modelling makes available the real-time informations on building quality, schedule, and cost. The builder can accelerate the quantification of the building for estimating and value-engineering purposes and for the production of updated estimates and construction planning. The cost and consequences of proposed products can be studied and understood easily thus the builder can prepare plans showing site use or renovation phasing for the owner. Building information modelling consumes less time and money is spent on administration process in construction because document quality is high and construction planning better. Thus the end result is that more of the owners construction money goes into the building than into overhead costs. BENEFITS IN THE MANAGEMENT PHASE Building information modelling also makes available the concurrent information in the management phase of the building such as performance of the building, its occupants and contents, and the economic aspects of the building. Building information modelling provides a digital record of renovations and improves more planning and management. It accelerates the alteration of standard building prototypes to site conditions for businesses, such as retail, that require the construction of similar buildings in many different locations. Physical information about the building, such as tenant or department assignments, furniture and equipment inventory, and financially important data about leasable areas and rental income or departmental cost allocations are all more easily managed and available. Reliable access to these types of information improves both revenue and cost management in the operation of the building. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE BIM is updated during construction to create as build record. Geometry is linked with the text and tabular information in equipment and maintenance manuals and it becomes a record to support the facilities management. Fig 4 BIM model (L) and Prototype (R) Features of facility management Improved asset definition The allocation is done so as to include the cost and work order data with respect to the required time. Simplified order provision Improvements are to be made in allocating the time and cost data. Extended cost model It enables the costing of any product throughout the lifecycle which includes captured costs, budgets, estimates and cost roll up. Condition monitoring The condition data are to be captured by two different means namely instrumentation and visual inception. Request capture Additional captures for operations and maintenance works and also dealt with work order requests. Service life data It should include the management and service life capture; taking prior notice to perform the analysis using the standards. Environmental impact Sustainable working atmosphere must be given consideration for all the environmental data which allows the total impact assessment all the process. Permits The proper access, security and work must be done which is possible only by providing the permit captures. Operating and maintenance information Provisions must be given to analyse the operations and maintenance information as per the relevant standards. The above mentioned are the major features of the facility management which must be taken into account while the operations and maintenance sequence is carried out. CASE STUDY The below mentioned is significant case study carried out in BIM at Canary Wharf located at the Churchill place, London. This building is located in Churchill place, London. It comprises of around 30,000 m2 with expedient access to major facilities of Canary Wharf, Docklands Light Railway station Jubilee line. It consists of 4 basement level, ground and six trading floors. The concealment is characterized by steel and Granite mixtures. Depending from where we view the building appearance varies; from a point it appears as a steel building from another view it appears as a predominately stone building. Foremost goal of the designing is its sustainability level. Built on a Brownfield site, a BREEAM rating of Excellent was achieved for this building. Use of the IFC beam BIM models of the new and existing buildings where built by HOK and WSP using the software named Revit Architecture and Revit Structural correspondingly. Autodesk .RVT files where used for the purpose of all the data exchange in the entire project. By merging the supply chain steel fabrication model which was shaped using Stru CAD software by a Dutch steel fabricator was one of the momentous underscore. The project was further imported to the Revit using a 3D DWG format which therein relates the HOK produced a construction design. A high degree of significance was shown in all the results achieved using traditional non-BIM methods.   Design reviews have benefit from using 3D Revit and Navisworks review which is possible only through regular project meetings with client and design team.   The main contractor has modelled the services in 3D using CAD Duct and is coordinating all BIM models using Navisworks to coordinate the Services supply chain design.

Free Essays - Victorious Achilleus of the Iliad :: Iliad essays

Victorious Achilleus of the Iliad  Ã‚   From reading book twenty two in the Iliad it is clear, from the beginning, that Achilleus will prevail in the battle against Hektor.   The reader is given many hints from the text that Achilleus will succeed.   Homer, the writer of the text, feels he will win, and so gives the reader hints of his victory though his narration, and through the words of Hektor's parents, and the gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, Hektor's father encourages his son to allow other men to fight with him in battle against Achilleus.   He says, "Hektor, beloved child to not wait the attack of this man alone, away from the others.   You might encounter your destiny eaten down by Peleion, since he is far stronger than you" (Homer 436).   Hektor's father assumes that if Hektor fights alone he will certainly lose.   Hektor's father knows what a great warrior Achilleus is, and so seeks to convince his son to cast away his pride, admit he is weaker, and solicit support from his fellow Trojans.   He has already lost a few sons at the hands of Achilleus and expects that Hektor cannot possibly win.   Since his father recognizes his weakness, this is the first hint about the outcome of the battle.   But Hektor, brave man that he is, will not be so easily convinced that Achilleus is stronger.   Even Hektor's mom is skeptical he can triumph over Achilles and begs him, "Do not go out as champion against him, o hard one; for if he kills you I can no longer morn you..." (Homer 437).   She too has little faith that he will overcome Achilleus and is concerned he will die at the hands of this great warrior.   She is so worried she does not even want him to fight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Next, Homer gives the reader a few more indirect suggestions about the outcome of the battle.   When Hektor first sees Achilleus approaching, he does not act like a extremely brave warrior.   Homer explains, "And the shivers took hold of Hektor when he saw him, and he could no longer stand his ground there, but left the gates behind, and fled, frightened..." (Homer 438).   Obviously, it seems unlikely Hektor can slay Achilleus since he is so afraid he cannot even stand his ground.   If he has no confidence in his fighting ability surely most readers will also think he is unable to win and that is why he chooses his only option-fleeing.

Planned Obsolescence

Planned obsolescence is the industrial tactic of designing, manufacturing, and distributing a product with an inadequate lifespan, as so it will become obsolete specifically to force the consumers to buy the latest generation of said product. These products are put into practice before the next generation is even fully functional; companies like Apple are most famous for doing this. Planned obsolescence has been in use since the beginning of the Great Depression and for the past eighty years the ethical grounds of companies and the reliability of their products has been argued.As 20th century economist Victor Lebow says in his article on consumer capitalism, Price Competition in 1955: Our enormously productive economy demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfactions, our ego satisfactions, in consumption†¦ We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced, and discarded at an ever increasing pace. (Lebow, Price Competition in 1955) Planned obsolescence goes hand and hand with conspicuous consumption, the act of spending money to acquire luxury goods and services in order to publicly exhibit ones economic power.The 1950s was a time of immense consumption of household goods and services. Tupperware and kitchen appliances were products of vast majority that persistently improved and with conspicuous consumption, was bought. Car commercials today take advantage of American consumers with their annual announcements of new models. Every model is designed with the motive it will be bought. A model only a year older than the one previous can be expected now to include an MP3 playing stereo with hands free cell phone capabilities as well as higher miles per gallon and durability.Although the auto industry is trusted most with reliable products they are still infamous for their use of technical obsolescence. Technical obsolescence is when the cost of repairs is u nparalleled with replacement cost. It can be tremendously cheaper to replace a nine or ten year old car rather than repair frame and axel damage from wear and tear or even an accident. (The Daily Green) Style obsolescence also plays factor when the definition of what an attractive product is changes, therefore newer models are made in order to provide a more aesthetically pleasing ppeal. Marketing has always been driven by aesthetic design. By continually introducing fresh designs whilst retargeting and discounting the others, corporations can do what is called â€Å"riding the fashion cycle. † The fashion cycle is the repeated introduction, rise, popular culmination, and decline of a style as it progresses through various social strata. (The Daily Green) A certain style of dress is primarily aimed at high income worth and then steadily re-targeted to lower income segments.In the beginning of the Ugg craze, Uggs were going at incredibly high prices and as years pass they depr eciate in value. The same cycle happens for designer brands like Coach or Vera Bradley. The fashion cycle will repeat itself in cases when an obsolete product that was once stylish regains popularity and ceases to be obsolete. (New Vision Ireland) Think of the Miami Vice suits, shoulder pads and parachute pants, trends of the 80s that no longer exist yet styles like oversized tops, fingerless gloves, miniskirts and huge earrings have found themselves back in the limelight.As advanced as the public feels technology is, with the idea of planned obsolescence in manufacturers’ minds, everything is built with a fail safe for producers. Obsolescence by depletion is a form of planned obsolescence used in products like home printers. The color printer is useful for consumers who need to print photos and graphics/charts for presentations, but other than that, there is not always a need to print color. An owner can choose to print only black with their colored ink jet printer except at a price.Despite the owners’ indications that they want black and white prints, the color cartridge, at a smaller amount than normal, will be used in order to deepen the shade of the text or graphics. So that leads to the question, can’t one just take the color cartridge out? Unfortunately not, in order for the printers to function properly all the cartridges must be in place even if one cartridge is out of ink completely it still has to be left in. In the long run people who print enough black and white will pay the cost when the colored ink needs replacement. Castle Ink Cartridges & The Daily Green) In some cases notification may be combined with the deliberate disabling of a product to prevent it from working. Printer manufacturers like EPSON are infamous for employing proprietary smart chips in their ink cartridges to prevent them from being used after a certain threshold even though the cartridge still contains usable ink. Some companies have developed a version o f obsolescence in which the product reports to the owner on when it is time to buy a replacement.Pool water filters are known to display replacement messages at predetermined times and some disposable razors have color changing strips to mark blade dullness. Whether consumers are notified before the product has truly depreciated or the product simply deteriorates more quickly than is required, planned obsolescence is the result. (New Vision Ireland) Systemic obsolescence is the intentional effort to make a product obsolete by altering the structure in which it is used in such a way that it makes its continued use problematic.Newer software is frequently introduced that is incompatible with older versions. One example of systematic obsolescence is Microsoft Corporation’s termination of support for Microsoft’s older OS services in order to meet the needs of the support for newer versions. Another Microsoft example would be their recently launched Internet Explorer 9 Web Browser that is not compatible with Windows XP even though Internet Explorer 8 is. Software is not the only technology affected by planned obsolescence; oftentimes hardware developers will prevent a product from being backwards compatible with older models. New Vision Ireland) Back in the early 1990s Nintendo launched the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) to precede its first gaming system the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in order to make the NES obsolete. The processing power and other capabilities of the SNES overthrew the NES and made the massive NES game library out of date because the SNES could not play the old cartridges. Those who wanted to play earlier games have to keep both systems around. (The Daily Green) In more recent times, Sony launched their console for the seventh generation consoles, the PS3.The PS3 greatly outshone the PS2 but like the SNES later models were unable to play PS2 discs. With the introduction of PS3 and its Blu-ray disc reader consum ers have begun to accept and love Blu-ray. The most concentrated opposition in the next-generation â€Å"optical video disc format wars† is between HD-DVDs and Blu-ray. Not only a format for HD video and audio, Blu-Ray is a higher-capacity storage format than HD-DVD. HD-DVD at this point is being out sold by Blu-ray. Blu-ray has not yet been considered a planned obsolescence movement yet because it still is too new of technology. (Computer Info Web)Today’s leading seller in products on the market is Apple electronics. Apple has designed products from computers to the world famous iPhone. Planned obsolescence is big in design schools and designers need to understand its workings in order to fulfill a longing career in today’s economy. Steve Jobs, the now deceased CEO of Apple, understood the importance of design in relation to selling product. An advertising magazine warned in 1928, â€Å"An article that refuses to wear out is a tragedy for business,† Stev e Jobs understood the necessity to make products obsolete and he implemented it into his products.The original iPods had less appealing designs and as the years passed. Later, Apple came out with much more attractive looking products built with more innovated advancements, but still made to be replaced within a year. (New Vision Ireland) In 2003, the Neistat Brothers made a video of them going around sharing the story of how their iPod battery only lasted 18 months and explained how Apple did not have a replacement option and they would have to buy new iPods. They took the company to court and sued on the account that Apple planned the batteries to die after a certain period of time.Before Steve Jobs passing his legacy was to leave four years of new products for the company, blueprints for a new iPod, iPad, iPhone and MacBooks were put in place and permission for new futuristic Apple headquarters was secured by Jobs in June. (Daily Mail) Without planned obsolescence there would be n o malls. There would not be any products or designers. There would be no need for architects and salespeople or even service workers all around. The ideas of planned obsolescence, although beneficial in fulfilling our needs as humans, depreciate the overall lifespan of the products we use.It is debatable whether companies are to blame, but in the end the consumer is still the ones who replace these intolerable products. Works Cited â€Å"Consumerism: Planned Obsolescence – New Vision Ireland. † New Vision Ireland. NVI, n. d. Web. 10 June 2012. . â€Å"HOT Web Resource for Computer Info, Maintenance , Information Technology, Security, Training, Outsourcing: Blu-Ray. † http://www. computerinfoweb. com. Computer Info Web, n. d. Web. 10 June 2012. . Howard, Brian C. Planned Obsolescence: 8 Products Designed to Fail. † The Daily Green. The Daily Green, Aug. 2011. Web. 10 June 2012. . Koep, Gregg. â€Å"Not Buying Anything. † Notbuyanything. com. Not Buy Anything, 30 Mar. 2012. Web. 10 June 2012. . Lebow, Victor. â€Å"Price Competition in 1955. † Journal of Retailing Spring 1955 (1955): n. pag. Print. < http://classroom. sdmesa. edu/pjacoby/journal-of-retailing. pdf> â€Å"Printing Monochrome Pages Using a Color Printer. Castle Ink Cartridges. Ed. Adam Haigh. N. p. , 16 Feb. 2010. Web. 10 June 2012. . Ubeda, Joan. â€Å"The Cutting Edge. † News. The Cutting Edge, 21 Mar. 2011. Web. 10 June 2012. . Gardner, David. â€Å"Steve Jobs’ Secret Legacy: Dying Apple Boss Left Plans for Four Years of New Products. † Mail Online. Daily Mail, 8 Aug. 2011. Web. 14 June 2012. .

The Critical Aspects of Education Research Planning

According to the United States Government's â€Å"National Directions in Education Research Planning,† educational research planning must emphasize focus and selectivity in curriculum design and â€Å"concentrate on those areas that the public and profession believe are important as well as those that will become important,† to render education practical for student's future lives outside of the classroom. Student learning is the touchstone issue and there must be â€Å"a particular but by no means exclusive emphasis on the challenges presented by ever-growing diversity and inequality. † (Timpane, 1998) Additionally, the selection of specific areas of inquiry for teachers, through the use of objective research, must be clear enough to â€Å"build strategies consisting of related projects executed over time. † The candidates for the â€Å"short list of research priorities seemed rather obvious: continued focus on reading and language learning; expanded attention to mathematics; the dynamics of teacher performance and effectiveness in schools and classrooms; and new emphasis on technology and telecommunications, international studies, and learning in family, community, and workplace settings. Peer planning amongst teachers was also deemed critical in preparing students for the future in a practical fashion, given research-based statistical support as to its effectiveness. (Timpane, 1998) Individuals involved in educational research and improvement are able, by fulfilling these objectives of specificity and focus â€Å"to add more value to their own work and to the joint endeavor of learning. When an educational goal can be clearly stated and is future focused, educational progress becomes based on ideas that have a clear applicability to student's lives and futures, and also can be â€Å"validated by well-designed, well-executed research,† focused objectives are more easily â€Å"translated into success by well-qualified professionals† with clarity for students and teachers. (Timpane, 1998) Within every school or classroom, there is always a tension between creating a flexible and responsive community of individual learners and adhering to focused, validated, objective standards determined by outside professional sources. But even though standards cannot nor should not be rigidly applied, having a research based blueprint for how a district should operate is key to ensure that the â€Å"ideology of associational action and local democracy on the one hand† and â€Å"an adherence to essentially rational-bureaucratic approaches to planning and implementation† is kept in a state of balance, and students are adequately prepared to move on into a new educational community and teachers have a network of professional resources, guides, and support structures upon which they can shape their educational objectives and plans. (Chaskin, 2005)

Domestic Violence In The Book Of David Social Work Essays

Domestic Violence In The Book Of David Social Work Essays Domestic Violence In The Book Of David Social Work Essay Domestic Violence In The Book Of David Social Work Essay 1. In the Book of David by Richard Gelles, there were four state of affairss in which David s instance fell through the clefts of the societal public assistance system. The first cleft was household saving. They did more to maintain the household together than to assist the kid instances like his happens because of household saving policies. The societal workers and tribunal system interpreted sensible attempts to intend perfectly all attempts. The societal workers had to make whatever possible to set childs back, even when it meant seting the kid s life in danger. Furthermore, Gelles was seeking to convey that household saving policies did more excessively wounded kids than assist them. Harmonizing to Gelles the basic defect in the kid public assistance system is that it has two contradictory ends: protecting kids and continuing households . The 2nd cleft in the instance dealt with two anon. calls saying David was being abused. However, they were overlooked and he remained wit h his parents. The calls were made to the CANT Hotline stating David Edwards was pale and scraggy and had acquired a chipped cubitus. The company besides stated that the parents were violent and how an older kid was removed from the place because of physical maltreatment. Furthermore, there were no place visits, no follow-up, or any monitoring of David Edwards. About six hebdomads subsequently, another call was made to the Hotline stating that David was neglecting . Furthermore, it was suggested that picket and skinny or an hurt to the cubitus did non connote he was in pending danger. Besides, the beginning of an anon. company is normally considered the least dependable of all beginnings. The 3rd cleft in the instance was because of David s physician Mr. Tanner. The first two visits after David was born were instead good. He seemed healthy and he was deriving weight like normal. However, the 3rd visit there was important intuitions of an unhealthy babe. David was less than twelve lbs which means he lost a whole lb which is unusual at this phase. It is normally considered a failure to boom which is a signifier of disregard. However, Dr. Tanner thought possibly the weight recorded in the 2nd visit was an mistake. In add-on, Darlene s depression was a noteworthy early warning mark every bit good. She would state Dr. Tanner how she felt trapped at place all twenty-four hours with David. However, he did non hold adequate information to justify an intercession. As the visits continued, David s weight fluctuated which was non normal for a babe. During the 8th visit, Dr. Tanner observed a contusion that was little on the upper arm of David but nil else on his organic structure. The following month he noticed new Markss. They were little every bit good and David now has some little broken blood vass on his left forearm. Darlene had no accounts to where they came from. Last, although Dr. Tanner was concerned and scheduled a visit in two hebdomads he suggested they wer e normal bumps and contusions that childs get. The last and the worst cleft in this instance were non sing past behaviour of the Edwards household. After the anon. calls, a instance worker was assigned to David Edwards. The social worker assigned to his instance was non trained really good and were likely the chief cause of David s decease. The first social worker was Justine Peters who was assigned to the instance three yearss after the 2nd anon. call. She was cognizant that the Edwards household was an unfastened instance and had cognition of Marie. However, harmonizing to Gelles, she claimed she did non desire any information to interfere with an nonsubjective probe . This determination was critical on her portion because she was go forthing out the construct of past behaviour. Not to reference, she had some concern about David but neer told Dr. Tanner about Marie so he was unaware of the history of maltreatment in the Edwards household. Finally, after everything that Justine k nows, she did non believe David should be taken away from his parents. 2. The exclusive intent of reuniting the household is to assist maintain the kid place with the household instead than traveling them to further places. It is really debatable to reunite them after a suspected or documented incident of maltreatment for many grounds. There are so many instances because the definition of maltreatment and disregard are so obscure that every small thing can be considered maltreatment or disregard. Therefore, the kids and their households who need aids are non being recognized or taken attention of. False claims are go forthing bureaus with limited resources and kids being overlooked because they are non acquiring to their instance quick sufficiency or at all. In add-on, the instance worker needs to come up with a sensible attempt to offer household services. However, with the immense instance tonss, the social worker can and will non run into their agenda assignments. For this, the kid and the parents do non acquire the aid they need. Therefore, being ab le to better the preparation of kid public assistance social workers should be put in drama. Another job is that the kid public assistance system is household focused instead than child focussed. Since the childs are so immature and can non state us what happened or support themselves, the rights of the parents have greater weight. It is besides hard to protect kids from those opprobrious parents. Not everyone wants to alter the manner they are. These parents may non even think they did anything incorrect. For this, they may be hesitating to any sort of remedy and be even more violent for non being able to see their kid. On the other manus, they may seek to alter themselves but backsliding and travel into the same form. No social worker or individual in the universe can do person alteration when they do nt desire to. I wholly agree with Gelles that reuniting households is debatable every bit good as protecting kids from their opprobrious parents. Bing able to seek to reunite is a good thought in itself but non everyone is unfastened to alter. Abusive behaviour can be something that is from the yesteryear or something familial and for this it can non be changed. In the instance of Marie and Edward, Darlene abused Marie and she still continued to make it to Edward. Darlene was non receptive to alter and nil was traveling to alter her behaviour. Yes, doing the attempt is ever a good thing to reunite the household. However, if there are no alterations or any nexus of a opportunity for alteration so the kid should non be with the parents. The kid public assistance system needs to be more child-centered instead than family-centered. If it was, kids could be available for acceptance much earlier in their lives when they need to be loved and nurtured before they been hurt or go on to be hurt. 3. There are five phases of alteration a individual can travel through. The first phase consists of a individual non seeing their behaviours as a job and for that they do non necessitate to alter. The 2nd phase is where the individual or individuals recognize that yes there is a job and see altering but do non yet do it. The 3rd phase is where they decide to alter their behaviours and take small stairss to fix for the 4th phase. That is where the individual has changed and put actions to their ideas in the 2nd phase. They are now taking to partake in new activities every bit good as developing new accomplishments and attacks. The 5th phase is when the individual has clearly engaged in their new behaviour for awhile and is committed to keep it. Harmonizing to Gelles, many social workers say they do all they can to supply their aid but the households do non look to alter. This is because they are non developing a technique to fit the alteration with the hazard rating. This is why Gelles says that intercessions can work merely if they are matched to a client s phase of alteration . If the social worker is unsure of the alteration in behaviours during the rating they will neer detect anything. For illustration, when one of the social workers in David s instance was seeking to supply services to the household Edward would maintain refusing and stating they were non traveling to take David off. However, they ever gave in which would do them portion of the 2nd phase where the individual recognizes a jobs and considers to alter. Nevertheless, the household neer goes beyond that phase and makes any attempt or stairss to really make something. 4. Child maltreatment and disregard are non limited to a certain faith or race or ethnicity or economic position. Child maltreatment and neglect happens to any type of child hapless or rich, black or white. One of the most of import actions of a province authorities is how it cares for its kids. Furthermore, Virginia high spots parental outreach and instruction every bit good as protection for abused kids. Furthermore, there are five types of maltreatment that are recognized by Virginia: physical, sexual, emotional, neglect and substance-exposed neonates. Virginia takes on many actions to care for the kid every bit good as the household involved in any of these behaviours. The province of Virginia is both household and kid focused for many grounds. First off there is CPS who identify and supply services to protect the kids and continue the households and forestall farther ill-treatment. They besides maintain a database of all the kids and households that were provided services for. This is good for the kids, because it helps the kid from acquiring farther maltreated. In add-on, since the household is in the database already, if they have another kid they can be watched over and evaluated unlike the David and Marie instances. Besides for kids they have acceptance and Foster attention bureaus. Virginia has many types of acceptance and each of them the parent s rights are terminated. This is really good for the kid because they wo nt be abused any longer by the parents. The parent would besides non be able to happen them and seek to ache them. On the other manus, if they are non put into an acceptance bureau, Virginia has two types of licensed residential installations for kids. The first type is the kid lovingness establishments where kids can populate but the financess are through parents or legal defenders. Opposed to that, there are the kids s residential installations. They provide 24 hr attention of the kids placed there through household ratings. Therefore, the legal defender or parents sign off on this through a comprehensive service act. Last, the concluding service they have for kids is services for older young person. This fundamentally assists childs who were in surrogate attention from ages fourteen to 21 to develop the necessary accomplishments to be independent outside Foster attention. It to boot gives instruction chances such as college grants and tuition payments. Second, there are the family-oriented services by the province of Virginia. The Virginia Child and Family Services Plan is a program dedicated to maintaining the household together. Virginia made this program to increase lasting household relationships for the kids. The footing of the service besides centers on holding the kid achieve their greatest prospective. The households that are involved get encouraged to give support to their kids. The Virginia kid and household service is household focused in every manner. They want to maintain the kids with their households every bit good as aid the household to desire to alter and be better for their kids. Virginia besides has household battle plans which keep the household every bit involved as possible in the kid or kids s lives. The major end is to do the parents spouses to the system. The parents should be involved in everything that trades with their kids in order to continue the households. The kids should cognize who their parents a re and see how much they are seeking to be in their lives as they grow up. Some people can see this as a good plan because it could perchance cut down the figure of households that have their kid removed from their place. Furthermore, it besides decreases the sum of clip of a kid be out of the place at such a immature age. Last, Virginia has a promoting safe and stable households plan. The intent of this plan is to forestall unneeded separation of kids and their households from their places. Another end to this program is to better services and attention towards the household and give the kid a lasting place with their parents or any other lasting life agreement through acceptance and so on. All in all, the province of Virginia is both family-focused every bit good as child-centered. They have plans that fit both thoughts and the plans seem as if they are really successful. Even with the family-focused plans, if they do non see a alteration they will make something for the kid instead than go on and go on until they see a alteration so that the kid can remain with the household. I feel that Virginia is in a good way with the plans they have made. 5. The intent of mandated coverage is to fundamentally place suspected maltreatment and disregard in kids every bit shortly as possible. As a consequence, they can be protected from extra hurt. Mandated newsmans play an extremely critical function in forestalling future injury to a kid. This is because kid protective services can non move until a study is made and sent. Additionally, some provinces think that since childs come in contact with so many grownups that they all should be a mandated newsman. However, in other provinces such as Virginia, it is a more confined list of people. Some of these people are: 1 ) instructors or anyone employed in a public or private school 2 ) societal workers 3 ) nurses 4 ) probation officers 5 ) mental wellness professionals 6 ) any individual licensed to pattern medicate 7 ) jurisprudence enforcement officers 8 ) infirmary occupants or housemans 9 ) professional staff individuals employed by a private organisation responsible for the attention, d etention and control of kids and in conclusion 10 ) any individual over 18 that has had preparation by societal services to acknowledge and describe kid maltreatment and disregard. Harmonizing to the Virginia Welfare web site there is a procedure that takes topographic point when a compulsory newsman studies a suspected instance of kid maltreatment or disregard. In the province of Virginia, the studies are made to the local section of societal services or to the kid maltreatment hotline. This province makes it clear that the studies should be made instantly after the first intuition. Either manner even if it could perchance be incorrect, a subdivision of the Virginia codification protects newsmans liability. However, they are non protected if it is proven they had a malicious purpose for describing a certain individual and kid. After the study is made, the staff of kid protective services reads it and determined whether is meets the legal definition of kid maltreatment or disregard. Consequently, if it does run into the legal definition so CPS has the power and duty to execute an probe or household rating. Last, the individual who does the coverage must supply as much information as possible to CPS. They are required to provide the name, reference or location of the individual who is suspected of being abused. The newsman must besides give every bit much information as perchance on the opprobrious state of affairs. Furthermore, there are legal effects in the province of Virginia for the failure to describe suspected maltreatment of a kid. They can be charged with a misdemeanour and be fined if they are found guilty. The mulct is up to five-hundred dollars for the first incident on a individual. However, the monetary value ranges from a hundred to one-thousand dollars for any undermentioned incidents. It is besides stated that if you unsure whether to describe or non, you should speak to societal services or the maltreatment hotline for counsel and aid. Last, it is non mentioned if there was anyone in particular who is exempt from describing child ill-treatment. The province of Virginia lists a clear cut list of people who can describe and anyone out of that list is exempt. 6. Harmonizing to the book Sentinals are people who are lawfully responsible for placing instances of suspected kid maltreatment and disregard and describing them to province bureaus for probe . It is highly time-consuming, dearly-won, requires tonss of engineering and preparation. The bad portion is that resources are finite and half the instances will non be looked at and those childs will maintain acquiring abused. Besides, the professionals who are supposed to be identifying instances are non making so for many grounds. Most of the clip, they believes that the evident was non sufficient plenty to do a study. They besides said that they would experience uncomfortable coming in contact with the household after they file an maltreatment study. Third off, registering a study and traveling for interviews would do them look bad every bit good as take up excessively much of their clip. Not to advert, they feared cases would come in their way if their study turned false even in good re ligion. Last, all of this means that the coverage of kid maltreatment is highly underreported. I agree with this chiefly because the definitions of what people consider maltreatment and disregard are really bleary. Everyone thinks they are so clear cut that any small grade on a kid could be abuse. Consequently, every bit much as there is underreporting of kid maltreatment, there are over coverage every bit good. Childs are childs and fall down all the clip. It is really hard to turn out instances if it s knowing or it was nt. Not to advert, there are many false coverage and hyperbole in some instances that are non every bit bad as 1s that are being overlooked. Compulsory coverage can come from reasonably much anyone a kid comes in contact with. Therefore, non everyone knows how to find what maltreatment is and what is non. This is a major job and compulsory coverage should merely non be extended to a batch of people in the kid s life. I would non state to get rid of it chiefly because the parents are non traveling to turn themselves in. However, physicians and professionals sh ould truly acquire their act together and thing of the kids instead than themselves. Possibly they should hold categories on kid maltreatment and how people of their sort are turning the other cheek and aching guiltless kids because of their deficiency of lovingness.

How to Edit for a Friend

How to Edit for a Friend How to Edit for a Friend How to Edit for a Friend By Mark Nichol Many writers seek assistance from friends or family members for various projects, but this aid must be given and received with care. Here are some tips about asking for informal editing assistance and providing it. Editing for a friend or a family member is easily assumed to be a simple matter, but it requires clear communication about expectations. Different writing projects require various degrees of intervention, from proofreading to content editing to critiquing. (Many posts on DailyWritingTips.com discuss editing issues; search the site for â€Å"editing† to locate them.) Before asking for someone’s help with your resume, for example, it’s best to research formatting options and commit to your resume’s structure, and then perhaps simply ask for proofreading and/or advice about phrasing. Of course, if someone you know is knowledgeable about resumes, welcome more substantial feedback (though not everyone who evaluates resumes for hiring purposes is necessarily a good judge). Contradictory advice about resumes can be counterproductive, causing your confidence to be shaken. If you look at a friend or family member’s resume, generally, limit the extent of your response to the parameters of the person’s request, at least as far as marking up the document. However, a diplomatic comment about an excessive or minimal employment history, for example, is acceptable even if you’ve merely been asked to check for spelling and punctuation errors. College-admission essays are all about the applicant’s voice, not about his or her writing skill. Furthermore, an impeccably written essay might hinder rather than help: If the prospective student’s grades and test scores in English are not consistent with the writing caliber demonstrated in the essay, college admissions staff may see a red flag. If you do seek, or offer, assistance with an admission essay, the role should be that of a writing coach, not a ghostwriter (or even an editor). The idea is to help with the structure and depth of the essay, and to coax more vivid imagery and fresher phrasing, rather than rewrite sentences and replace words. If the document is a substantial work of nonfiction or fiction, agree on what type of assistance is to be given. â€Å"Does it work?† is a very different question than â€Å"Can you help me with my writing?† It’s not too much to request that someone read your novel and give you some general suggestions, but if you’re going to ask a friend or family member to spend many hours poring over it, commenting on plot, characterization, tone, structure, and the like (and, oh, yeah, correcting poor grammar and usage), you might as well hire the person rather than expect volunteer assistance. At this point, a professional editor will probably be more useful. Finally, understand that if you ask for editing assistance, expect a thorough housecleaning, not five minutes of dusting and straightening up. Assure your friend or relative that you will accept revisions or critiques with good grace, and honor that commitment. If you’re helping someone, even if he or she is confident, identify and communicate strengths and be diplomatic about weaknesses. And if the manuscript is substantial, ask for just an excerpt first, rather than the entire work. If the person’s writing skill is poor, it will be easier to simply offer some general comments or to suggest that you don’t feel up to the task. You’re welcome to be frank, of course at the expense of good relations with your relation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"How to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Common High School Policies For Recommendation Letters

Common High School Policies For Recommendation Letters SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When should you ask for a recommendation letter? Many high schools answer this question for you with an official timeline and procedure for your recletter requests. In addition to school policy, your teachers might also set rules aroundhow and when to ask for letters of rec. This guide will go over the most common recommendation letter guidelines, as well as some not so common ones that you hopefully won’t encounter (like a lottery system!). To start, let’s consider whichguidelines are set on a school-wide basis and which ones fall into the realm of individual teachers. What Do Schools Say About Recommendation Letters? You should receive directions from your school, or more specifically, your guidance or college counseling office, on two mainsteps: When to ask for letters of rec, and What information to give your teachers. Let's first take a look at the three most common guidelines around when to ask for letters. 1. Ask in the Spring of Junior Year Generally, schools with strong college counseling departments have their students ask for letters in the spring of junior year, usually by April or May. This system tends to be part of the school’s culture, so teachers, mainly th grade teachers, expect to get requests then. Asking later is seen as inappropriate and last minute. 2. Ask Within a Month of Your Deadlines Other schools take a more hands off approach and tell students to ask anytime up to three or four weeks before their deadlines. Larger public schools often use this approach, where students are given more independence and a longertime window in which to make their requests. Some students still may ask in junior year or email their teachers over the summer with a promise to follow up with information in the fall. 3. Submit a List of Names to Your Counselor A third, less common system used by a few schools involves some chance. Students give three names of teachers to college counselors, who then assign each student two teachers. Usually smaller private schools with a large percentage of college-going graduates use this method to ease the burden on teachers who get the most requests. Schools with this system are a bit more strict, while, as you read above, others put the responsibility largely in thehands of students. Most schools, however, have similar guidelines about what information to give to your recommenders. This information typically goes into a "brag sheet." Prepare a Brag Sheet In addition to setting rules for when you ask, your counseling department should give you a packet to fill out to help your recommenders. This packet should include space for you to write your college list and deadlines, as well as a formcommonly referred to as a "brag sheet." Here you'll describe yourself and your goals. There may be space for your parents to contribute their ideas, too. Whatever systems your school uses, there are two best practicesto go by when planning your recommendations: ask early, and give your recommenders a detailed resume and brag sheet. Just how early you ask may depend on your school’s policy, as just described, but it may also be influenced by the teachers you plan to ask. Let’s take a look at what teachers control in this process. Some teachers limit the number of rec letters they'll write, so you have to ask them early! What Do Teachers Say About Recommendation Letters? While your school tells you when and how to ask, your teacher decides how many recommendation letters they’ll write for students. Some don’t set a limit at all, while others set a cap at around fifteento twenty letters. It may be disappointing to learn that your teachers limit their letters, but on the bright side it suggests that they put time and thought into each letter they produce. In a few, unfortunate cases, teachers set a very strict limit and don’t seem too eager to write recommendations. One student on College Confidential talked about how his teacher collected everyone’s requests and drew only six â€Å"winners† out of a hat. Luckily, it’s not common for teachers to set a cap this low or to select students arbitrarily. If you have a good relationship with the teacher and make your request early enough, then she should agree to provide you with a letter of rec. At this point, you may be wondering what your school and teachers have to say about recommendation letter guidelines. If you don’t know already, how can you find out? If you don't know your school's rec letter policy, how can you search for clues? How Can You Learn About Recommendation Letter Guidelines? It’s never too early to find out this information, as you want to get your requests in early and devote a good amount of time to preparing your packet. Ideally, your counselors give you this information during college planning presentations. If not, you can absolutely set up an appointment to meet with your counselor. Prepare a list of questions, like when and how you should ask, and go into the meeting prepared so you find out everything you need to know. Your counselors should also have some advice on which teachers have a reputation for writing strong letters, and which ones get flooded with requests. If your counselor hasn’t already given you the details on your teachers, you can speak to older students, as well as your teachers themselves to find out when’s an ideal time to ask. Even if it’s only halfway through the year, you could tell your th grade teacher that you’re curious about recommendation letters and wonder if she has any special deadline for accepting requests. Even if you’re not ready to ask yet, you can plan when to do so. Some of these concerns are obvious requirements, while some are not so immediately apparent. Why’s it important to make sure you know about all recommendation letter guidelines from all involved parties? Guidelines help make sure your recommendation letters get into the system by your application deadlines. Why Do You Need to Know About Recommendation Letter Guidelines? These guidelines influence when you ask, who you ask, and what information you prepare. By figuring this all out early, you can spend a few weeks deciding who to ask and producing your materials. It’s especially important to put time and thought into your resume and brag sheet, as your recommenders will rely on these documents to write their letters. Not only should your recommenders already have a positive impression of you from class, but giving them thorough materials willalso impress them and show them how seriously you’re taking the college application process. As discussed above, some schools require students to ask in junior year while others take a more hands-off approach. Even if your school doesn’t give you a specific deadline, you might consider asking at the end of th grade. That way you’re fresh in your teachers’ minds, plus you can ensure that you won’t lose a spot to other students who were ahead of the game. If you’re unclear about the answers to any of these questions around recommendation letters, you should definitely speak with your counselor and teachers. Make sure you have the information you need to feel empowered through the process of applying to college. What’s Next? Speaking of the steps you need to apply to college, check out this full guideon how to apply to college. It goes over everything you need to know, from choosing the right classes to taking standardized tests to filling out your application forms. For more on planning your recommendation letters, you can learn about how to request your letters here and why exactly these letters are so important to your overall application. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Importance of Studying Information Systems for a Marketing Student Research Paper

The Importance of Studying Information Systems for a Marketing Student - Research Paper Example It is concerned with activities such as planning, promotion, and selling of services or goods with the aim of satisfying the customer needs and meeting business objectives of an organization. According to my findings from the aforementioned interviews, slight changes in practice and theory of marketing over the years have had a great effect in reshaping companies. Consequently, these changes have also been evident information systems utilized in various business environments. Most companies in various industries have been faced with the problem of controlling the ever increasing volume of information. This is because of the rapidly expanding information processing requirements that are due to their competitive environments becoming more volatile and dynamic. In order for companies to be able to handle the increasing internal and external flow of information, it is important that they embrace and make good use of the opportunities offered by IS. Marketing information is no exceptions and thus managing such information by means of Information Technology is one of the most critical elements of efficient and effective marketing. Information related to marketing includes all terms of facts, date, view, opinion, policies and guidelines, which are necessary for making vital marketing decisions. This data is collected from competitors, customers, government sources, sales staff and other company staff, and from specialized sources and agencies.This will also enable them to improve quality too.... Consequently, these changes have also been evident information systems utilized in various business environments. Most companies in various industries have been face with the problem of controlling the ever increasing volume of information. This is because of the rapidly expanding information processing requirements that are due to their competitive environments becoming more volatile and dynamic. In order for companies to be able to handle the increasing internal and external flow of information, it is important that they embrace and make good use of the opportunities offered by IS. This will also enable them improve quality too. Marketing information is no exceptions and thus managing such information by means of Information Technology is one of the most critical elements of efficient and effective marketing. Information related to marketing includes all terms of facts, date, view, opinion, policies and guidelines, which are necessary in making vital marketing decisions. This data is collected from competitors, customers, government sources, sales staff and other company staff, and from specialized sources and agencies. Through the collection and sharing of such information and by utilizing it in promoting brand and corporate image, Information Systems offers new ways of ensuring improved internal efficiencies of a company. These systems allow for dynamic marketing communication between personnel in accounting, corporate planning, sales promotion and advertising, channels of distribution, product management, and direct sales. There are various types of Information system systems. They can first be classified based on the various levels of operations such as the operational level which requires an operation support information

British Electoral System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Electoral System - Essay Example In this system ranks are provided by the voter to the candidates by marking 1, 2, 3 etc on the ballot paper against the name of the candidate. The candidates are ranked across different parties or within the same party by the voters. Certain quota of votes must be achieved by the candidate in order to win. This system is used â€Å"for local government elections in Northern Ireland and Scotland, European Parliament elections in Northern Ireland and the Northern Ireland Assembly† (Voting systems in the UK, 2008, p.2).Under this system the voters can cast their votes into two parts, firstly for constituency MP and second for party list. The lack of proportionality that arises from the FPTP is compensated by this system. â€Å"AMS is used for elections to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the London Assembly† (Voting systems in the UK, 2008, pp.2- 3).   Closed Party List SystemThis system is applicable to a multi member constituency. The electo rs vote for the party and as per the proportion won by the party, it gets seat in the constituency.† The Closed Party List system has been used for European Parliament elections in the UK since 1999 except in Northern Ireland where STV is used† (Voting systems in the UK, 2008, p.3).The Single- member plurality, which is followed by the British Electoral system was believed to facilitate â€Å"a two-party system of alternating single-party majority government†.... le transferable vote In this system ranks are provided by the voter to the candidates by marking 1, 2, 3 etc on the ballot paper against the name of the candidate. The candidates are ranked across different parties or within the same party by the voters. Certain quota of votes must be achieved by the candidate in order to win. This system is used â€Å"for local government elections in Northern Ireland and Scotland, European Parliament elections in Northern Ireland and the Northern Ireland Assembly† (Voting systems in the UK, 2008, p.2). Additional Member system Under this system the voters can cast their votes into two parts, firstly for constituency MP and second for party list. The lack of proportionality that arises from the FPTP is compensated by this system. â€Å"AMS is used for elections to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the London Assembly† (Voting systems in the UK, 2008, pp.2- 3). Closed Party List System This system is applicabl e to a multi member constituency. The electors vote for the party and as per the proportion won by the party, it gets seat in the constituency.† The Closed Party List system has been used for European Parliament elections in the UK since 1999 except in Northern Ireland where STV is used† (Voting systems in the UK, 2008, p.3). Effectiveness of the Electoral System The Single- member plurality, which is followed by the British Electoral system was believed to facilitate â€Å"a two-party system of alternating single-party majority government†. But in the 2010 UK election no party could secure an overall majority due to which formation of peacetime coalition government was done (Curtice, 2010, p. 623). This issue raised questions on the effectiveness of the system. To understand this merits and demerits of

Writing a Rabbi Sermon #3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing a Rabbi Sermon #3 - Research Paper Example Here is a good example; back in the year 1982, a rabbi who was at then a U.S. Sixth Fleet navy chaplain within an Italian town had his daughter attend one of the catholic preschool within the area for the first day. H hoped that his daughter would learn Italian as well as come to have new friends out of the navy base. After school, he was waiting for his daughter and so began to wonder if at all he had prepared his daughter for a catholic school run by nuns in their black traditional habit. He was wondering how the day might have been for his child when suddenly the school bus appeared. Through the window his daughter looked so happy when they finally reunited she could not wait to tell him how she had, had quite an interesting day and the lovely teachers from sound of music. Definitely, this he did not expect. Why? Because of the stories that had modeled his view of nuns (Resnicoff, 2014). The stories that this rabbi had known had become the way through which e viewed the world of nuns. People’s believes are their foundation as well as framework for their vision. If this little girl had grown up under the influence of anti-Catholic stories, could be she would have encountered nuns with hatred as well as fear but not the excitement and happiness she found in them. It is important that everyone learns that what children learn from stories will determine their way of life in a major way (Resnicoff, 2014). As far as believers are concerned, this is a major part of the faith. Abraham explained the story of how one God created the universe. Through this the idea of the past was planted in the hearts as well s minds of people. This is what people believe in today. A single God it is. This is the reason that yesterday’s happenings have today’s bearing. If there were many gods, then people would be dealing with different gods at different times. This would mean that what happened yesterday with one God would mean nothing

Main Cross-Cultural Issues in Managing the Organization Essay - 1

Main Cross-Cultural Issues in Managing the Organization Internationally - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Indian management in several organizations give less focus on team-based evaluation they focus on individual targets because they are more concerned to evaluate each worker’s quality work. The retail market in India is projected US$ 26 Billion in 2011 and is expected to grow to US$ 84 Billion by 2016. According to the US commercial services, Indian per capita expenditure on cosmetics is Rs, 30 and the cosmetic industry are growing at the rate of 15% every year. These facts and figures support the product category because the industry is growing, and holds the chance for active cosmetics to step in. Multinationals and local companies are giving much emphasis to workforce management practices. Multinational companies outsource its distribution to the third party. For example, P&G outsource its distribution to Agility logistics. Departmental stores will welcome us like Star India Bazar, Big Bazaar, Max hypermarket, Vishal mega mart, easy day, city mart, which shows that we have a possible chance to excel in the Indian cosmetic market segment. The Indian government supports to the foreign brand (whether imported or locally manufactured) in India is freely allowed and just have to pay up to 2% on export and 1% on domestic sale. India is a large diversified country and to become successful in this market we need to obtain comprehensive localized information. Due to a large market, we will require multiple distributors to cover the whole market. In India, DAC, 1940 (Drug and Cosmetic Act) is followed for the import, sales, manufacturing, and distribution of cosmetics.

Business accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business accounting - Essay Example This essay discusses that the company, if considered from an angle of investing is quite stable and rewarding but its position in the capital market, London Stock Exchange, in this case, is a little bit skeptical. This is because of its abnormal Price to Earnings Ratio in 2011 of more than 890 times which has decreased from a massive 1043 times in the previous year. This means that the company’s share is trading at 890 times its earnings which depict Next as a very expensive share but in contrast to the previous year, its share has gone through a discount with a reduced P/E ratio. The normal practice in the market is of buying shares with a P/E ratio of maximum 20 times but in this case, speculation seems to have happened in the market.The company, on an overall basis, is quite stable and it has formulated, planned and implemented quite efficient and effective policies to retain its competitiveness in the market domestically as well as internationally. The company’s new growth opportunities are encouraging and if this pace is consistently attained in the future, the company can perform even better and expand effectively. But the company has to prepare for even deteriorating times to come ahead with adverse situations ranging from inflation, rising interest rates, a weakening Euro and fluctuations in other currencies, increasing competition and switching customer preferences and demand. Overall, the company is a good choice to be invested in, taking into account its considerable dividend payout ratio.... Liquidity Analysis Talking about liquidity, the company is performing fine but in contrast to the previous year, it has lacked in some areas. The current and quick ratios have decreased by 0.092 and 0.127 from 2010 to 2011 showing a decrease in liquidity and this is mainly because of a larger increase in current liabilities compared to current assets. Moreover, inventories have increased from a considerable 19.19% from ?309 million to ?368.3 million in 2011, mainly due to the company’s policy of fulfilling market demand and solving out supplier constraints by buying stocks way earlier than required. Though the cash available before share and bond buybacks is a considerable ?92 million, the company has less cash liquidity available in 2011 with a decrease of more than 60% in the cash and cash equivalents balance and the cash ratio falling from 9.83% to only 3.66%. This might obstruct the company in opening and extending new stores and repurchasing more shares in the upcoming ye ar, which has been forecasted at aggressive levels. However, this cash balance can increase in the following year with the rise in the trend of cash customers relative to credit customers or account holders especially in the case of Next Directory; this will in turn definitely decrease the level of accounts receivable and bad debts (CPAClass.com 2011). The manner of collection of receivables and payments to creditors has remained almost the same from 2010 to 2011. But as the inventories have risen, the inventory conversion period has escalated from 47 days to 55 days, which has in turn helped in increasing the cash conversion cycle from 30 to 42 days.

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Qualitative and Quantitative Research - Essay Example In one of the qualitative studies titled ‘exploring consumer engagement in an e-setting: a qualitative research of marketing executives’, the aspects described above concerning qualitative researchers is evident. This research study sought to understand the level of consumer engagement online pertaining different brands, with the increasing popularity of internet marketing. After the identification of the research question, the researchers defined the conceptual framework which would serve as the blueprint of the study. There were two hypotheses, in line with the conceptual framework described. The research relied on in-depth interviews as the preferred data collection strategy. It was highly subjective as it relied on the opinions and convictions of the 17 marketing practitioners, who described their experience in depth. The 17 marketing practitioners selected for the study were working with international organizations and were identified through LinkedIn. The interview sessions focused on two questions that required detailed responses from the respondents. Data analysis followed, with the initial steps being the compilation of data obtained from the respondents.A quantitative research titled ‘Quantitative marketing research on the behavior of the small and medium companies on financial advisory services’ used statistical deductive approaches in a bid to determine whether there was any existing correlation between the size of the firm and the number of financial advisory services outsourced.

Business accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business accounting - Essay Example This essay discusses that the company, if considered from an angle of investing is quite stable and rewarding but its position in the capital market, London Stock Exchange, in this case, is a little bit skeptical. This is because of its abnormal Price to Earnings Ratio in 2011 of more than 890 times which has decreased from a massive 1043 times in the previous year. This means that the company’s share is trading at 890 times its earnings which depict Next as a very expensive share but in contrast to the previous year, its share has gone through a discount with a reduced P/E ratio. The normal practice in the market is of buying shares with a P/E ratio of maximum 20 times but in this case, speculation seems to have happened in the market.The company, on an overall basis, is quite stable and it has formulated, planned and implemented quite efficient and effective policies to retain its competitiveness in the market domestically as well as internationally. The company’s new growth opportunities are encouraging and if this pace is consistently attained in the future, the company can perform even better and expand effectively. But the company has to prepare for even deteriorating times to come ahead with adverse situations ranging from inflation, rising interest rates, a weakening Euro and fluctuations in other currencies, increasing competition and switching customer preferences and demand. Overall, the company is a good choice to be invested in, taking into account its considerable dividend payout ratio.... Liquidity Analysis Talking about liquidity, the company is performing fine but in contrast to the previous year, it has lacked in some areas. The current and quick ratios have decreased by 0.092 and 0.127 from 2010 to 2011 showing a decrease in liquidity and this is mainly because of a larger increase in current liabilities compared to current assets. Moreover, inventories have increased from a considerable 19.19% from ?309 million to ?368.3 million in 2011, mainly due to the company’s policy of fulfilling market demand and solving out supplier constraints by buying stocks way earlier than required. Though the cash available before share and bond buybacks is a considerable ?92 million, the company has less cash liquidity available in 2011 with a decrease of more than 60% in the cash and cash equivalents balance and the cash ratio falling from 9.83% to only 3.66%. This might obstruct the company in opening and extending new stores and repurchasing more shares in the upcoming ye ar, which has been forecasted at aggressive levels. However, this cash balance can increase in the following year with the rise in the trend of cash customers relative to credit customers or account holders especially in the case of Next Directory; this will in turn definitely decrease the level of accounts receivable and bad debts (CPAClass.com 2011). The manner of collection of receivables and payments to creditors has remained almost the same from 2010 to 2011. But as the inventories have risen, the inventory conversion period has escalated from 47 days to 55 days, which has in turn helped in increasing the cash conversion cycle from 30 to 42 days.

The Falling Standard of English in Malaysia Essay Example for Free

The Falling Standard of English in Malaysia Essay I have recently conducted survey about the falling standard of English in Malaysia. The results of the survey are seriously disappointed. Especially the younger generation nowadays, I found they are hardly speak and can’t even pronounce the terms properly and correctly. However there’s only a small number of Malaysians communicate well in the language and many of them are from the older generation where they were schooled in the English medium.. They have an idea that we are living in Malaysia and why should we learn English instead of Malay. Actually all sciences subjects in Malaysia suppose to be in English. However now the students in form 4 have to learn all the sciences subjects in Malay. These leading them unable to catch up in their studies because previously they were learning all those subjects in English. The switching in languages not only causing the students poor in their academic performances but also making them suppose the Malay is much more important than the English. Soon, English is no longer using in their daily lives. The cause of falling standard of English between the Malaysian is there are too many ethnic in Malaysia with different lauguage to communicate with each other. They more prefer to speak their own lauguage at home such as bahasa Malaysia,  chinese ,Tamil and others. It is the main reason why Malaysian always can’t hold a good English to communicate with other. I also realise that the younger generation in the rural area do not realise the importance of english until they started to working. They even feel regret when they are going to interview as they can’t speak a complete sentence to their boss. Eventually they fail to get their jobs. Some of the younger generations do not have a good attitube to study the english. They always adopt the way ‘l don’t care’ on their study. As a result , they have a broken english and can’t do a good communicate with each others . Due to the falling standard english in Malaysia , it brings lot of effects to the development of the country in the future. Someone who do  not master their English well, he will find it difficult and less confident to talk to others. Thus, they can’t communicate well with each others and then the standard of English between the malaysian are going downhill. For those students do not study English well, they will find it difficult on their study especially the subjects that was in English . They can’t do their homework because they don’t understand what the questions enquiry. They will out of step of the study even affect their education on the future. Nowaday, English occupy a lot of importance in the country. The 2nd generation without mastery  the English well, they will fall in social backend. Due to more and more things to English, the 2nd generation without master english will be end up with a tragedy.   I have found out some possible solutions to solve the problems. First of all, we need to keep reading.Reading can be a good habit but also a good way to increase the vocabulary. There are more and more reading materials spawn in the Malaysia , such as news, magazine, novel and others. The younger generation can study through the reading material to improve their poor English step by step. Besides, the government should encourage the citizens to study English well even though it was tough from the beginning. The government can make the English as a compulsory subject to pass, then the students may work harder on it and then the students can master their English well. The students’ parents should have open-minded to give a chance for their children to study english even though they do not master English well before. Parents can study together with their children without feeling shame because learning regardless of age. Through this way, the English standard will absolutely improve. Be best friend with a good English dictionary, it may help to improve English with obvious improve. Buy a dictionary and keep it next when  reading .When stumble upon a word don’t know , just looking in the word up the dictionary beside . It has a lot of challenge when to make a changes of the falling standard of English in Malaysia. It is difficult for the government  to make a whole new change in the syallabus as there are a lot of procedures to have be done. For example, they have to get approval from the schools , citizens and so on. The sudden change in syallbus also cause a lot of problems to the students. Most of them might fail their examinations. Eventually they might feel upset and give up the subjects. A good study environments should without stress and enjoyable.The governments should focus on the kindergarden and the primary schools. Build up a strong basic for the kids. Soon when they get to secondary school and college, there should’t be a problem for them. In a nutshell, English is considered as one of the most important languages in the world. English had been playing a major role in many sector in Malaysia.If we know English we never feel tongue tide in front of others. So, learning English from now onward the government and citizens should cooperate in order to achieve the coming 2020 which is stated by former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir bin Mohamad.

Basic Concept Of Coordination Compounds Biology Essay

Basic Concept Of Coordination Compounds Biology Essay We live in the world of uncertainty and assumptions, no one can predict the next activity, it may be good or bad but thing is how to tackle bad things? Chemistry is the most power full tool to understand the world at almost every scale may be huge or femtometer scale. Chemistry is closely associated with humans day to day life , it application in medicine is major one. Medicine is the life living entity which play vital role in ones life , but how medicines are made? What are their chemical properties and how they affect our body? Let us study the application of chemistry(co-ordination compounds) in medicinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Basic concept of co-ordination compoundsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The coordination chemistry was discovered by Nobel Prize winner Alfred Werner (1866-1919). He received the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his coordination theory of transition metal-amine complexes. In the starting of the 20th century, inorganic chemistry was not a prominent field until Werner studied the metal-amine complexes such as [Co (NH3)6Cl3]. He further studied the coordination compound of cobalt and ammonia and discovered its different properties. He studied different colors and no. of Cl atoms attached to the compounds and on that basis he proposed a table- Solid Color Ionized Cl- Complex formula CoCl36NH3 Yellow 3 [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 CoCl35NH3 Purple 2 [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 CoCl34NH3 Green 1 trans-[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl CoCl34NH3 Violet 1 cis-[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl The structures of the complexes were proposed based on a coordination sphere of 6. The 6 ligands can be amonia molecules or chloride ions. Two different structures were proposed for the last two compounds, the trans compound has two chloride ions on opposit vertices of an octahedral, whereas the the two chloride ions are adjacent to each other in the cis compound. The cis and trans compounds are known as geometric isomers. Other cobalt complexes studied by Werner are also interesting. It has been predicted that the complex Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2ClNH3]2+ should exist in two forms, which are mirror images of each other. Werner isolated solids of the two forms, and structural studies confirmed his interpretations. The ligand NH2CH2CH2NH2 is ethylenediamine (en) often represented by en. Basically coordination compound consists of two parts Central metal ion Ligands both metal ion and ligands lie inside or outside the coordination sphere, coordination sphere is represented by square brackets for example [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 here Co is the metal ion and NH3,Cl3 are the ligands , one lie inside and the second one is outside. Contain coordinate covalent bonds 4) Unusual composition: Central metal ion or atom + ligands + counter ion (if needed) 5) Called complex ion if charged For an instantÆ’Â   Basic concept of medicines and how they are discovered Drug discovery is very time -consuming and expensive process. Estimates of the average time required to bring a drug to a market ranges from 12-15 years at an average cost of $600-800 million. For approximation every 10,000 compounds are evaluated in animal studied , 10 will make it to humans clinical trials in order to get 1 compound on the market ! for every drug introduction we need approval for that and once the new drug application (NDA) is submitted to the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) , it can be several months to several years before it is approved for commercial use. Then study is done and the result are considered and if the results are found are same with the drug that is already in the market then the whole project is rejected ! so the discovery of new medicine is very costly , that is why medicines costs high when bought. In general medicines are never discovered , what is more likely discovered is called lead compound. The lead compound is prototype compound that has a number of attractive characteristics , such as the desired biological but may have many undesired characteristics for example high toxicity ,other biological activities, absorption difficulty ,insolubility or metabolism problems , so considering all these things further modified compound is formed which is called clinical drug ,which is ready for many clinical researches. The drug discovered without lead are called penicillins ! How does a medicine works on human body? The quest for knowledge to established how the drug act in a living system has been a thought provoking topic to scientist belonging to various disciplines such as medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology. Factors affecting the drugs to reach the active sites Absorption-biological membrane play a vital role towards the absorption of a drug molecule. Soon after drug is taken orally ,it makes the way through the gastrointestinal tract, cross the various membranes and finally reaches the active site. It has been observed that drug moves from a region of high drug concentration to low drug concentration. However the rate of diffusion solely depends upon the magnitude of the concentration gradient (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  C). across the biological membrane. Rate = -k{C(abs) C(bl)}, c(bl) is concentration present in blood and C(abs) is the concentration of drug at active site. Distribution As soon as drug finds its way into the blood stream, it tries to approach the site of biological action. Hence , the distribution of a drug is markedly influenced by such vital factor as tissue distribution and membrane penetration ,which largely depends on the physio-chemical characteristics of the drug. Metabolism (biotransformation)-when a drug molecule gets converted into the body to an altogether different form, the phenomenon is called biotransformation. Mostly the metabolism occurs in the liver. The metabolism products are more polar than the parent drug. Inside liver ,in metabolism two important reactions take Change in the functional groupeg. The side chain or ring hydroxylation reduction of nitrogroup. Conjugationthe drug substance undergoes conjugation whereby the metabolized product combines with various solubilizing groups. Excretion this is also very important process and may be done with the help of a number of process ,namely renal excretion, biliary excretion , excretion through lungs and above all by drug metabolism(biotransformation). COMMON TYPES OF MEDICINES USED IN DAILY LIFE Some of the medicines which we use in daily life are:Æ’Â   CISPLATINtreatment of cancer Paracetamol -reduces body temp. Aspirin reduces pain Local anesthetic 1 )Cisplatin :- Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug which is used to treat cancers including: sarcoma, small cell lung cancer, germ cell tumors, lymphoma, and ovarian cancer. While it is often considered an alkylating agent, it contains no alkyls groups and does not instigate alkylating reactions, so it is properly designated as an alkylating-like drug. Cisplatin is platinum-based and was the first medicine developed in that drug class. Other drugs in this class include carboplatin, a drug with fewer and less severe side effects introduced in the 1980s, and oxaliplatin, a drug which is part of the FOLFOX treatment for colorectal cancer. The other names for cisplatin are DDP, cisplatinum, and cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) (CDDP). Cisplatin was actually first created in the mid 19th Century and is also known as Peyrones chloride. (The disoverer was Michel Peyrone.) It wasnt until the 1960s that scientists started getting interested in its biological effects, and cisplatin went ito clinical trials for cancer therapy in 1971. By the late 1970s it was already widely used and is still used today despite the many newer chemotherapy drugs developed over the past decades. Structure of cisplatin:- Structure of cisplatin is tetrahydral (sp3) in shape. Here one atom of platinum is bound to 2 chlorine atoms and 2 ammonia atoms. Working mechanism of cisplatin:- The way that cisplatin operates is by forming a platinum complex inside of a cell which binds to DNA and cross-links DNA. When DNA is cross-linked in this manner, it causes the cells to undergo apoptosis, or systematic cell death. One of the methods it uses causes apoptosis through cross-linking is by damaging the DNA so that the repair mechanisms for DNA are activated, and once the repair mechanisms are activated and the cells are found to not be salvageable, the death of those cells is triggered instead. Cisplatin undergoes aquation to form [Pt(NH3)2Cl(OH2)]+ and [Pt(NH3)2(OH2)2]2+ once inside the cell. The platinum atom of cisplatin binds covalently to the N7 position of purines to form 1,2- or 1,3-intrastrand crosslinks, and interstrand crosslinks. Cisplatin-DNA adducts cause various cellular responses, such as replication arrest, transcription inhibition, cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. 2 ParacetamolÆ’Â   Paracetamol is commonly used for relief in headache , and other minor pain and aches. It also serve as major ingredient in cold and flu remedies in collaboration with opioid analgesics, it can also be used in management of several major disease such as cancer. Structure of paracetamolÆ’Â   In some publications, it is described as 4-hydroxyacetanilide or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol and in the US Pharmacopoeia it is known as acetaminophen. Paracetamol is a white, odourless crystalline powder with a bitter taste, soluble in 70 parts of water (1 in 20 boiling water), 7 parts of alcohol (95%), 13 parts of acetone, 40 parts of glycerol, 9 parts of propylene glycol, 50 parts of chloroform, or 10 parts of methyl alcohol. It is also soluble in solutions of alkali hydroxides. It is insoluble in benzene and ether. A saturated aqueous solution has a pH of about 6 and is stable (half-life over 20 years) but stability decreases in acid or alkaline conditions, the paracetamol being slowly broken down into acetic acid and p-aminophenol. Mixtures of paracetamol and aspirin are stable in dry conditions, but tablets containing these two ingredients, particularly in the presence of moisture, magnesium stearate, or codeine, produce some diacetyl-p- aminophenol when stored at room temperature, and this latter compound is hydrolyzed in the presence of moisture to paracetamol and p-aminophenol. Mechanism of workingÆ’Â   Over 100 years after it was first discovered, we are now learning what the mechanism of action is that makes paracetamol such an effective and useful medicine. It now appears paracetamol has a highly targeted action in the brain, blocking an enzyme involved in the transmission of pain. As with many medicines, the effectiveness of paracetamol was discovered without knowing how it works. Its mode of action was known to be different to other pain relievers, but although it produces pain relief throughout the body the exact mechanism was not clear. The production of prostaglandins is part of the bodys inflammatory response to injury, and inhibition of prostaglandin production around the body by blocking the cyclooxygenase enzymes known as COX-1 and COX-2 has long been known to be the mechanism of action of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen. However, their action in blocking COX-1 is known to be responsible for also causing the unwanted gastrointestinal side effects associated with these drugs. Paracetamol has no significant action on COX-1 and COX-2, which left its mode of action a mystery but did explain its lack of anti-inflammatory action and also, more importantly, its freedom from gastrointestinal side effects typical of NSAIDs. Early work (1) had suggested that the fever reducing action of paracetamol was due to activity in the brain while its lack of any clinically useful anti-inflammatory action was consistent with a lack of prostaglandin inhibition peripherally in the body. Now, recent research (2) has shown the presence of a new, previously unknown cyclooxygenase enzyme COX-3, found in the brain and spinal cord, which is selectively inhibited by paracetamol, and is distinct from the two already known cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2. It is now believed that this selective inhibition of the enzyme COX-3 in the brain and spinal cord explains the effectiveness of paracetamol in relieving pain and reducing fever without having unwanted gastrointestinal side effects. 3 Aspirin In 1897 Flex Hoffman a German chemist employed by bayer and company was researching on the arthritic pain of his father ,then he began his study on the acetalsalicyclic acid and discovered a stable compound which was further refined to Aspirin ! Acetylsalicylic acid, marketed everywhere as Aspirin (USAN), is a salicylate drug mostly used as an antipyretic to reduce fever, as an anti-inflammatory medication to reduce swelling, and as an analgesic to alleviate minor pains and aches. To wit, aspirin is often used to relieve mild to moderate pain and to reduce fever from typical maladies such as headaches, toothaches, muscle aches, and the common cold. This medication may also be used to reduce arthritic swelling and pain as well. This salicytate drug is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAID, and it works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce inflammation and throbbing aches. Structure of AspirinÆ’Â   Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, has a chemical formula of C9H8O4. Working mechanism of aspirin:- Many kinds of prostaglandin exist in the body to serve a plethora of physiological functions, some of which are irritable, others beneficial.   Prostaglandins are among the chemicals secreted by the bodys immune system when it fights off bacteria and other invaders in injuries.   Located around wounds , these chemicals cause pain and inflammation.   Following bacterial infection, prostaglandins are also produced the hypothalamus, the brains center for controlling body temperature, resulting in a rise in temperature.   In their capacities to cause pain, inflammation, and fever, prostaglandins are nuisances.   Inhibiting their production, consequently reducing pain, inflammation, and fever, is the main therapeutic value of aspirin. On the other hand, prostaglandins secreted by the stomach regulate acid production and maintain the mucus lining that protects the stomach from digesting itself.   Prostaglandins in the bloods platelets cause the platelets to stick together to initiate blood clotting in wounds.   In these capacities, prostaglandins are crucial to a healthy body.   Inhibiting their production leads to aspirins undesirable side effects, including upset stomach and excessive bleeding.   How does aspirin curb prostaglandin production?   The many kinds of prostaglandin are synthesized by a host of complicated biochemical pathways.   However, all pathways share a common stage facilitated by an enzyme called COX, whose action aspirin suppresses.  Ã‚   Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being themselves used up in the reactions.   An enzyme is a huge molecule with an active area that works somehow like a mold that accepts certain raw pieces and casts them into a final form.   Imagine a mold that stamps a rod and a bowl into a spoon.   Spoon production would be disrupted if someone throws a monkey range into the mold.   Such a monkey range an enzyme inhibitor would make a desirable drug if it stops an enzyme from producing disease-inducing chemicals.   Aspirin is an enzyme inhibitor.   It suppresses the action of the enzyme COX, stops the production of prostaglandin, thus disrupting the pathways to pain, inflammation, elevated temperature, and stomach protection.   Vanes success attracted many researchers to the area.   Their investigations spread from aspirin to similar drugs that suppress pain and inflammation.   By 1974, it was fairly well established that all NSAIDs act with similar mechanisms.   They are all COX inhibitors. Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and many other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work as COX inhibitors.   They suppress the catalytic functions of the enzymes COX1 and COX2.   COX2, which appears up injuries and other inflammatory stimuli, is deemed bad.   It catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins that, located near sites of injuries, cause pain and inflammation.   Inhibition of COX2 is responsible for the therapeutic effects of reducing pain, inflammation, and fever.   COX1, which is present in many parts of the body, is deemed good.   It catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins that perform many physiological functions, e.g., maintaining the mucus lining of the stomach or causing platelets in the blood to stick and form clots over wounds.   Inhibition of COX1 is responsible for the drugs side effect of stomach irritation.   In reducing the risk of blood clots, it is also responsible for aspirins efficacy in heart attack prevention.   A new class of NSAID, COX2 inhibitor, is designed to target bad COX2 selectively and leave good COX1 alone, thus reducing pain and inflammation without upsetting the stomach. 4-local anestheticÆ’Â   Cocaine is a naturally occurring compound indigenous to the AndesMountains, West Indies, and Java. It was the first anesthetic to be discovered and is the only naturally occurring local anesthetic; all others are synthetically derived. Cocaine  was introduced into Europe in the 1800s following its isolation from coca beans. Sigmund Freud, the noted Austrian psychoanalyst, used cocaine on his patients and became addicted through self-experimentation. In the latter half of the 1800s, interest in the drug became widespread, and many of cocaines pharmacologic actions and adverse effects were elucidated during this time. In the 1880s, Koller introduced cocaine to the field of ophthalmology, and Hall introduced it to dentistry. Halsted was the first to report the use of cocaine for nerve blocks in the United States in 1885 and also became addicted to the drug through self-experimentation. Procaine, the first synthetic derivative of cocaine, was developed in 1904. Lofgren later developed lidocaine, the most widely used cocaine derivative, during World War II in 1943. Chemical structureÆ’Â   All local anesthetics have an intermediate chain linking an amine on one end to an aromatic ring on the other. The amine end is hydrophilic, and the aromatic end is lipophilic. Variation of the amine or aromatic ends changes the chemical activity of the drug. Two basic classes of local anesthetics exist, the amino amides and the amino esters. Amino amides have an amide link between the intermediate chain and the aromatic end, whereas amino esters have an ester link between the intermediate chain and the aromatic end. Amino esters and amino amides differ in several respects. Amino esters are metabolized in the plasma via pseudocholinesterases, whereas amino amides are metabolized in the liver. Amino esters are unstable in solution, but amino amides are very stable in solution. Amino esters are much more likely than amino amides to cause  allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Commonly used amino amides include lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, and ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Commonly used amino esters include cocaine, procaine, tetracaine,  chloroprocaine,  and benzocaine. An easy way to remember which drug belongs in which category is that all of the amino amides contain the letter i twice, as does the term amino amides. The newest additions to clinically available local anesthetics, namely ropivacaine and levobupivacaine, represent exploitation of the S enantiomer of these chemicals to create anesthetics which are less toxic, more potent, and longer acting. WORKINGÆ’Â   Local anesthetics produce anesthesia by inhibiting excitation of nerve endings or by blocking conduction in peripheral nerves. This is achieved by anesthetics reversibly binding to and inactivating sodium channels. Sodium influx through these channels is necessary for the depolarization of nerve cell membranes and subsequent propagation of impulses along the course of the nerve. When a nerve loses depolarization and capacity to propagate an impulse, the individual loses sensation in the area supplied by the nerve.   The order of affinity of local anesthetics for different sodium channel states is open is better than inactivated, which is better than resting.  Thus, the  open state of the sodium channel is the primary target of local anesthetic molecules.  The blocking of propagated action potentials is therefore a function of the frequency of depolarization. The mechanism for differential block, the block of pain perception without motor block, is  still unclear.   *